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Every time they win, we want to increment (add one) to the variable so we write the following code: int main()ĪVariable = aVariable (some operation such as +, -, /, *, %) aValue For example, we create a variable to track the number of OSU football wins. It is quite common and perfectly okay to place the same variable on both sides of an assignment operator. Then c takes the value of d and then b becomes the value of c and so on. Variable assignment proceeds from right to left. Just follow this type of pattern: int a, b, c, d You can assign the same value to multiple variables in a single assignment statement. However, it is best to use named constants as they have a defined type which can help detect data type issues during compilation and the const value is actually stored in memory which can help in debugging. The #define directive and macro constantsĪs you can see from the examples, both approaches for creating constants work. We will learn more about creating header files in later chapters. However, if I wanted to use INTEREST_RATE throughout a large program, I would place it in a header file that I created.
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This allows me to use INTEREST_RATE anywhere in the main method. In the above example, I placed the INTEREST_RATE definition statement in main. Second, it is much easier to change the named constant definition statement than to search and replace all instances of an actual literal in your program. Instead of seeing some literal like 0.032 and wondering what it represents, you see INTEREST_RATE. First, if you choose good names, their use helps self-document your code. There are several reasons to use a named constant. Example int main()ĭouble interestOwed = 500.0 * INTEREST_RATE // INTEREST_RATE is equivalent to 0.032 Most programmers use all caps for the name to distinguish a named constant from a regular variable. Named constants are also called constant variables. It allows you to use the name versus the literal throughout the program.
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How to deal with overflows and underflowsĪ named constant is a named literal (5.14, 20, etc.) with a specified data type. Int biggerThanMax = maxInt * 2 // make too big of an integerĬout << "biggerThanMax: " << biggerThanMax << endl ĭouble closestToZeroDouble = DBL_MIN // Initialize as smallest possible doubleĭouble tooCloseToZeroDouble = closestToZeroDouble / 10.0 // shift decimal point closer to 0 (1 to left)Ĭout << setprecision(30) // adjusting number of digits displayedĬout << "closestToZeroDouble: " << closestToZeroDouble << endl Ĭout << "tooCloseToZeroDouble: " << tooCloseToZeroDouble << endl Int maxInt = INT_MAX // Initialize as largest possible integer
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INT_MAX: maximum value for an object of type intĭBL_MIN: minimum representable floating point number for an object of type double The program #include // Added to access macro constants The example below includes two macro constants, INT_MAX from climits and DBL_MIN from cfloat. The header climits contains macro constants for integer types and the header cfloat contains macro constants for floating point types. Two C++ headers include macro constants for the limits of integer and floating point numbers. We will discuss how you can create your own macro constants in the next section. You can think of the macro constants as aliases or place holders for the real values. Since these are preprocessor directives, before the compiler builds the program, the macro constant will be replaced with an actual value. Macro constantsĪ macro constant is a name for a constant, typically written in all capitals, that is created as a preprocessor directive. These will help us explore overflows and underflows. Through these examples, I am going to jump ahead and introduce something called macro constants. I have a created an example of an overflow and an underflow.